Esophageal
cancer arises, when cells in the lining of the esophagus grow uncontrollably
and eventually form a tumour. Immunotherapy has been a promising development in
the past few years. The recent activities have increased our understating of
the tumour microenvironment, various immune combination therapies (like
chemotherapy with immunotherapy).
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| www.gapsos.com |
Esophageal
cancer is the seventh most common incident cancer across the world. 16,470 new
cases and 14,530 death cases are estimated in the U.S with esophageal cancer.
This extends from north-eastern China to the Middle East, including India, Iran
and many more countries. There are various subtypes of this cancer, including
Adenocarcinoma, lower part of the esophagus while Squamous cell carcinoma,
upper part of the esophagus.
The
stages of esophageal cancer involve, Stage 0 (abnormal cells are found only in
the inner layer of the esophagus. It's called carcinoma in situ), Stage I
(Through the inner layer to the sub mucosa), Stage II (Through the inner layer
to the sub mucosa, spread to lymph nodes and invaded the muscle layer), Stage
III (Through the outer layer, Spread to lymph nodes and invaded nearby
structures) and Stage IV (Spread to distant organs, such as the liver)
Symptoms
of esophageal cancer that involves pain in the throat, chronic cough, vomiting,
pain in the breastbone. Risk factors for this cancer include tobacco chewing,
cigarette smoking, alcohol habits and bad diet.
Treatment of esophageal cancer by using
immunotherapy are classified into several types that involves monoclonal
antibodies, vaccines, adoptive T cell transfer, adjuvant immunotherapy’s, and
cytokines. There is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs in
immunotherapy, but various are running in clinical trial for treatment of
esophageal cancer.
Tumour Infiltrating
Lymphocytes (TIL) are running in phase II trial by taking enriched
tumour-infiltrating immune cells and re-infusing them in patient’s esophageal
cancer. Sorafenib, it blocks the enzyme Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma (RAF)
kinase, a critical component of the RAF signalling pathway that controls cell
division and proliferation. Bevacizumab, A recombinant humanized monoclonal
antibody directed against the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor
(VEGFR), a pro-angiogenic cytokine. Anti-VEGFR2 CAR CD8 plus PBL is running in
phase I/II study of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells designed to target
VEGFR2 for esophageal cancer.
Global Allied
Pharmaceuticals (GAP) has been providing complete services of immunotherapy and
immune-oncology. These therapies are used in the treatment and saves lives of
cancer patients.
For more information kindly visit us at www.gapsos.com
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