A common cancer and a common treatment (Esophageal cancer).

Esophageal Cancer ranks among the seventh most common cancers in the world. It starts in the inner layer of mucous and grows outward through the muscle layer. This cancer is one of the leading causes of death across the world. It was estimated that about 18,170 new cases diagnosed while 15,450 death cases of esophageal, in the 2014. In the past few years, immunotherapy used for treatment of this cancer.

It is considered that chronic irritation of the esophagus may contribute to the DNA change that causes esophageal cancer. Several reasons that cause irritation in the esophagus cells and increases risk of esophageal cancer include Smoking and drinking alcohol, obesity, diet and Plummer Vinson syndrome (PVS).

It is known that tumor suppressor genes, oncogene, and apoptotic genes are involved in the initiation and development of this cancer, but until no gene has been identified directly related to esophageal cancer. 

The tumor suppressor genes that are inactivated by genetic changes such as point mutations and deregulation of imprinting, and indicatedinred. It has been found in the critical regions of chromosomes 1p, 3p, 4, 5q, 9, 11q, 13q, 17q, and 18q in esophageal cancer. Chromosome region 17q25.2-25.3 carries the autosomal dominant esophageal disorder (tylosis). The oncogenes most frequently activated point mutations, amplification, rearrangement and over-expression, with amplification and over expression in esophageal cancer. It is found to be frequently up-regulated in esophagealmalignancy are indicated in green. The apoptotic genes most frequently expressed in esophageal cancer are Matrix metalloproteinase-7, anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 and bcl-XL.

Until, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for esophageal cancer, but some drug is running in clinical trials. Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL)  are running in phase II trial by taking enriched tumor-infiltrating immune cells and re-infusing them in patient’s esophageal cancer. Anti-NY ESO-1 meets PBL is running in phase II, which targets to NY-ESO-1 antigen in patients with NY-ESO-1-positive cancers and study of T cells genetically engineered. Anti-VEGFR2 CAR CD8 plus PBL is running in phase I/II, which target to VEGFR2 and study of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells designed for esophageal cancer.

GAP is one of the leading providers of immune-oncology and immunotherapy. This organization serves customers with various therapies to treat cancer patients. Our expert team easily understands the basic interactions between targeted anti-cancer agents and the immune system and also helps the patients in planning their treatment strategy.