A common cancer and a common treatment (Esophageal cancer).

Esophageal Cancer ranks among the seventh most common cancers in the world. It starts in the inner layer of mucous and grows outward through the muscle layer. This cancer is one of the leading causes of death across the world. It was estimated that about 18,170 new cases diagnosed while 15,450 death cases of esophageal, in the 2014. In the past few years, immunotherapy used for treatment of this cancer.

It is considered that chronic irritation of the esophagus may contribute to the DNA change that causes esophageal cancer. Several reasons that cause irritation in the esophagus cells and increases risk of esophageal cancer include Smoking and drinking alcohol, obesity, diet and Plummer Vinson syndrome (PVS).

It is known that tumor suppressor genes, oncogene, and apoptotic genes are involved in the initiation and development of this cancer, but until no gene has been identified directly related to esophageal cancer. 

The tumor suppressor genes that are inactivated by genetic changes such as point mutations and deregulation of imprinting, and indicatedinred. It has been found in the critical regions of chromosomes 1p, 3p, 4, 5q, 9, 11q, 13q, 17q, and 18q in esophageal cancer. Chromosome region 17q25.2-25.3 carries the autosomal dominant esophageal disorder (tylosis). The oncogenes most frequently activated point mutations, amplification, rearrangement and over-expression, with amplification and over expression in esophageal cancer. It is found to be frequently up-regulated in esophagealmalignancy are indicated in green. The apoptotic genes most frequently expressed in esophageal cancer are Matrix metalloproteinase-7, anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 and bcl-XL.

Until, there is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drug for esophageal cancer, but some drug is running in clinical trials. Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL)  are running in phase II trial by taking enriched tumor-infiltrating immune cells and re-infusing them in patient’s esophageal cancer. Anti-NY ESO-1 meets PBL is running in phase II, which targets to NY-ESO-1 antigen in patients with NY-ESO-1-positive cancers and study of T cells genetically engineered. Anti-VEGFR2 CAR CD8 plus PBL is running in phase I/II, which target to VEGFR2 and study of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells designed for esophageal cancer.

GAP is one of the leading providers of immune-oncology and immunotherapy. This organization serves customers with various therapies to treat cancer patients. Our expert team easily understands the basic interactions between targeted anti-cancer agents and the immune system and also helps the patients in planning their treatment strategy.

Better treatment of esophageal cancer occurs with immunotherapy

Esophageal cancer arises, when cells in the lining of the esophagus grow uncontrollably and eventually form a tumour. Immunotherapy has been a promising development in the past few years. The recent activities have increased our understating of the tumour microenvironment, various immune combination therapies (like chemotherapy with immunotherapy).

Esophageal cancer is the seventh most common incident cancer across the world. 16,470 new cases and 14,530 death cases are estimated in the U.S with esophageal cancer. This extends from north-eastern China to the Middle East, including India, Iran and many more countries. There are various subtypes of this cancer, including Adenocarcinoma, lower part of the esophagus while Squamous cell carcinoma, upper part of the esophagus.

The stages of esophageal cancer involve, Stage 0 (abnormal cells are found only in the inner layer of the esophagus. It's called carcinoma in situ), Stage I (Through the inner layer to the sub mucosa), Stage II (Through the inner layer to the sub mucosa, spread to lymph nodes and invaded the muscle layer), Stage III (Through the outer layer, Spread to lymph nodes and invaded nearby structures) and Stage IV (Spread to distant organs, such as the liver)

Symptoms of esophageal cancer that involves pain in the throat, chronic cough, vomiting, pain in the breastbone. Risk factors for this cancer include tobacco chewing, cigarette smoking, alcohol habits and bad diet.

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Treatment of esophageal cancer by using immunotherapy are classified into several types that involves monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, adoptive T cell transfer, adjuvant immunotherapy’s, and cytokines. There is no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs in immunotherapy, but various are running in clinical trial for treatment of esophageal cancer.

Tumour Infiltrating Lymphocytes (TIL) are running in phase II trial by taking enriched tumour-infiltrating immune cells and re-infusing them in patient’s esophageal cancer. Sorafenib, it blocks the enzyme Rapidly Accelerated Fibrosarcoma (RAF) kinase, a critical component of the RAF signalling pathway that controls cell division and proliferation. Bevacizumab, A recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody directed against the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR), a pro-angiogenic cytokine. Anti-VEGFR2 CAR CD8 plus PBL is running in phase I/II study of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells designed to target VEGFR2 for esophageal cancer.

Global Allied Pharmaceuticals (GAP) has been providing complete services of immunotherapy and immune-oncology. These therapies are used in the treatment and saves lives of cancer patients.

for further reading about immune- Oncology click at www.gapsos.com 

Immunotherapy and Cervical Cancer.

Cervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women worldwide. Cervical cancer is a disease that develops quite slowly and begins with a precancerous condition known as dysplasia. Dysplasia is easily detected in a routine Pap smear and is completely treatable. Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor deriving from cells of the cervix( lower part of the uterus).

 

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The primary etiological agent is HPV and its precursor lesions for cervical cancer, which leads the development of the control of cervical cancer cells. With the help of HPV vaccine clinical trials data, we easily to identify the characteristics and mechanisms of the immune response. The complete perspective of immunotherapy treatment has not been utilized. Clinical studies are the import factor in understanding the future of immunotherapy (immune- Oncology) in treating cancer patients. 

To stimulate immunity against cervical cancer in treatment by using immunotherapy based drugs and vaccines involve Bevacizumab (vascular endothelial growth factor-specific angiogenesis inhibitor) which has received FDA approval for the treatment of cervical cancer, in combination with paclitaxel and topotecan or paclitaxel and cisplatin in recurrent disease. Some warnings are included like surgery and wound healing complications, Gastrointestinal perforations, and hemorrhage with some common adverse reactions are hypertension, back pain, headache, taste alteration, dry skin and rectal hemorrhage. Gardasil is a vaccine has received FDA approval for the treatment of cervical cancers caused by Human Papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18. With contraindications like hypersensitivity. Also, having Warning involves Syncope sometimes associated with tonic-clonic movements with most common adverse reaction involves headache, swelling, erythema, fever and nausea.

Some drugs and vaccines are under clinical trials in cervical cancer. Ipilimumab (NCT01693783) is running in phase II under safety and efficacy study design, which targets to kill cancer cells. Ipilimumab with Cisplatin (NCT01711515) is running in phase I under safety study design, which targets to the  growth of cancer cells. VGX-3100 and INO-9012 DNA vaccine (NCT02172911) is running in phase I and II under safety and efficacy study, which targets to HPV-16 or 18-positive. Peptide vaccine (NCT00108875) is running in phase I and II under non randomized, safety and efficacy study, which targets to cancer cells.

Global Allied Pharmaceuticals(GAP) has the advance technology and the expert team of immunotherapy and immune-oncology. Our team has capability for new development of the immunotherapeutic cancer agents. Our expert team easily understand the molecular basis of the interactions between targeted anti-cancer agents and the immune system and also helps the patients in planning their treatment strategy throughout their different types of solid tumor cancers like breast and prostate, melanoma, cervical and colorectal.

For more information kindly visit us at www.gapsos.com

Immunotherapy: A new hope for cancer patients for their treatments.

Immunotherapy is also known as biotherapy. It is a treatment that uses certain parts of the immune system to fight diseases such as cancer through stimulating your own immune system and giving you immune system components.

Cancer immunotherapy is an important phenomenon to enhance the immune system to fight against cancer. The main premise is stimulating the immune system to attack the malignant tumour cells that are responsible for the disease. In late 1800s, Dr William Coley first noted that getting an infection after surgery seemed to help some cancer patients. He used Coley toxins for the treatment of those cancer patients who infected with certain kinds of bacteria.

 

The main types of immunotherapy involve monoclonal antibody, cancer vaccines and non-specific immune therapy. Monoclonal antibody has subtypes, including naked and conjugated, in which naked monoclonal antibody has further subtypes including radiolabelled, chemolabelled and immunotoxin. Alemtuzamab is naked approved for chronic lymphocytic leukemia treatment, Ibritumomab is radiolabeblled approved for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Brentuximabvedotin is chemolabelled approved for treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cancer vaccines involving Dendritic cell vaccines (Special immune cells in the body that help the immune system recognize cancer cells), Tumour cell vaccines (Made from actual cancer cells that have been removed during surgery), DNA vaccines (Vectors can be given bits of DNA which is code for protein antigens. At the same time the vectors are then injected into the body, with cells that DNA might be taken up and can instruct them to make specific antigens) and Antigen vaccines (These vaccines boost the immune system by using only one antigen rather than whole tumour cells). Non specific immune therapy has also subtypes, including cytokines and interleukin.

Later research in monoclonal antibodies by United States doctors from the Clinical Research Division led by Cassian Yee by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre in June 2008 treated a skin cancer patient by using immune cells cloned from his own immune system which were then re-injected into him. In topical immunotherapy, Imiquimod that is immune enhancement cream, which is an interferon producer causing the patient’s own killer T cells to destroy basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. In natural products, mushrooms like Agaricussubrufescens that is able to stimulate the immune system.

GAP has the advanced technology and an expert team for immune therapy, which helps the cancer patients in planning their treatment strategy.

For more information kindly visit us at www.gapsos.com

Immunotherapy: A new hope for cancer patients for their treatments.

Immunotherapy is also known as biotherapy. It is a treatment that uses certain parts of the immune system to fight diseases such as cancer through stimulating your own immune system and giving you immune system components.

Cancer immunotherapy is an important phenomenon to enhance the immune system to fight against cancer. The main premise is stimulating the immune system to attack the malignant tumour cells that are responsible for the disease. In late 1800s, Dr William Coley first noted that getting an infection after surgery seemed to help some cancer patients. He used Coley toxins for the treatment of those cancer patients who infected with certain kinds of bacteria.

The main types of immunotherapy involve monoclonal antibody, cancer vaccines and non-specific immune therapy. Monoclonal antibody has subtypes, including naked and conjugated, in which naked monoclonal antibody has further subtypes including radiolabelled, chemolabelled and immunotoxin. Alemtuzamab is naked approved for chronic lymphocytic leukemia treatment, Ibritumomab is radiolabeblled approved for treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and Brentuximabvedotin is chemolabelled approved for treatment of Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Cancer vaccines involving Dendritic cell vaccines (Special immune cells in the body that help the immune system recognize cancer cells), Tumour cell vaccines (Made from actual cancer cells that have been removed during surgery), DNA vaccines (Vectors can be given bits of DNA which is code for protein antigens. At the same time the vectors are then injected into the body, with cells that DNA might be taken up and can instruct them to make specific antigens) and Antigen vaccines (These vaccines boost the immune system by using only one antigen rather than whole tumour cells). Non specific immune therapy has also subtypes, including cytokines and interleukin.

Later research in monoclonal antibodies by United States doctors from the Clinical Research Division led by Cassian Yee by Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Centre in June 2008 treated a skin cancer patient by using immune cells cloned from his own immune system which were then re-injected into him. In topical immunotherapy, Imiquimod that is immune enhancement cream, which is an interferon producer causing the patient’s own killer T cells to destroy basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma. In natural products, mushrooms like Agaricussubrufescens that is able to stimulate the immune system.

GAP has the advanced technology and an expert team for immune therapy, which helps the cancer patients in planning their treatment strategy.

For more information kindly visit us at www.gapsos.com